Literary sociology
The follower of the sociology of literature thinks that literature has a reciprocal relationship with society. Sociology of literature attempts to examine the linkage between the literatures with the reality of the society in various dimensions. Literature not only reflect the reality but more than that gives us a reflection of reality that larger, more complete, alive, and also dynamic".
Basic sociology of literature is already developed by Plato and Aristotle who mentioned the relationship between literature and society as a mirror. In the era of scientific positivism, emerged literary critic figures Hippolyte Taine. He was not satisfied with structuralism approach. In his oppinion structuralism approach can not contribute anything. So that he offer new concept of literature that different from that already exists (structuralism) that developed at that time. Taine thinks that literature can reflect social life in the neighborhood. Taine wants to formulate a sociological approach to scientific literature that is entirely using methods like those used in the natural sciences and certainly. In his book “History of Home Literature” (1863) he mentions that a literary work can be explained by three factors namely race, environment, and the moment. According to him these factors that produce mental structure (author), which subsequently manifested in literature and art. Taine concept of milieu is then connects literary with social circumstance.
Taine's paradigm, that is written in the book History of English Literature, by contemporary readers of Swiss origin, Amiel, considered opening a new understanding of different horizons and horizon rigid anatomical (structuralism) that developed at that time. Another support came from literary critic Gustav Flaubert. He considers that Taine has specifically attacked the prevailing notion at that time that the literary work as if a meteor that fell from the sky. According to Flaubert, though the social aspects are not necessary in aesthetic perception, it is difficult for us to deny its existence.
Figures of literary sociology
· Hippolyte Taine
is best known now for his attempt at a scientific account of literature, based on the categories of race, milieu, and moment. The terms race, milieu, and moment have become widespread in literary criticism. Taine argued that literature was largely the product of the author's environment, and that an analysis of that environment could yield a perfect understanding of the work of literature. According to Taine race in the mean the collective cultural dispositions that govern everyone without their knowledge or consent. For Taine milieu is the particular circumstances that distorted or developed the dispositions of a particular person. The moment is the accumulated experiences of that person.
· George Lukacs
Lukacs uses the term "mirror" as a feature in the whole of his work. Reflects according to him, meant composed a mental structure.Literature not only reflects the reality but it give more gives us a reflection of reality that larger complete, alive, and also dynamic that may go beyond common understanding. Thus, literature can reflect the reality in an honest and objective and may also reflect the reality of subjective impression (Selden, 1991:27).
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